DEFINITION
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is an injury to the lungs due to
high concentrations of oxygen therapy and the use of a ventilator. This disease
is more common in premature babies.
CAUSE
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia occurs in infants who received a high concentration oxygen therapy for a long time and use a ventilator in the long term (typically more than 1 week), to address the respiratory distress syndrome in newborns.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia can occur due to increased
pressure in the lungs due to the use of a mechanical ventilator or oxygen
toxicity that occurs as a result of exposure to high concentrations of oxygen
for a long time.
Risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia:
·
Prematurity (usually in infants who are born
before 32 weeks' gestation)
·
Respiratory tract infections
·
Congenital heart disease
·
Other serious illnesses in newborn infants
requiring oxygen therapy or ventilators
SYMPTOMS
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia symptoms include:
- Rapid breathing rate
- Skin color blue
- Cough
- Out of breath
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is based on symptoms and physical examination.
Several checks can be done to confirm the diagnosis:
- Chest X-ray
- Arterial blood gas
- CT scan of the chest
- Oximetry
TREATMENT
No treatment can immediately cure bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Handling is intended to provide respiratory support and meet the needs of oxygen in infants, as well as enable them to grow and develop.
Infants diagnosed with bronchopulmonary displasian require
intensive care unit (NICU-Newborn Intensive Care Unit) until they are able to
breathe properly without the aid of tools (ventilator).
Ventilator usually necessary to put pressure on the lungs so
that lung tissue expands and to provide supplemental oxygen. If the baby is
able to adapt, then the pressure and oxygen concentration is gradually reduced.
When the ventilator is removed, can continue to be given oxygen through a mask
or small tube that is inserted into the nostril, for a few weeks or a few
months.
The food is usually given through a tube inserted into the
stomach. Babies need extra calories because it requires more calories to
breathe. Because the liquid tends to accumulate in the lungs due to
inflammation, then the fluid intake should also be limited.
After being treated for several months, sometimes the baby
could die. In infants who survived, respiratory problems gradually disappear,
but this situation requires a long time. Hardens lung tissue will always have
poor function, but with the growth of the baby, formed new lung tissue healthy,
and ultimately expected to take over most of the respiratory function of the
affected lung tissue. But in the first few years, the baby has a higher risk of
developing pneumonia.
PREVENTION
Some of the ways that can be done to help prevent the
occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia:
·
As far as possible prevent preterm labor. During
pregnancy, do good prenatal care to maintain the health of mother and baby.
·
Breathing apparatus is only used if required,
and by setting the minimum as much as possible to avoid injury to the lungs.
·
Respiratory aids are released as soon as
possible or use shortened after the baby's condition is considered safe.
·
Babies can be given a substance, called
surfactant, to help keep the baby's lungs to stay open.
·
Some way needs to be done to prevent RSV
infection in infants after discharge from the hospital:
·
wash hands with warm water and soap before
touching the baby
·
people who have the flu or a fever do not make
contact with the baby and using masks
·
avoid contact with children are still small,
because RSV is very common and easily transmitted to children
·
Do not smoke in the house, car, or anywhere
around the baby
REFERENCE
- G, Jay S. bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Kids Health. 2011.
- H, Denis. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Medline Plus. 2013.
- K, Arthur E. bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Merck Manual
Handbook. 2009.
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